Ôn thi môn Tiếng Anh Lớp 12 - Chuyên đề: Câu trực tiếp - câu gián tiếp

CHUYÊN ĐỀ CÂU TRỰC TIẾP – CÂU GIÁN TIẾP
I. Khi chuyển đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, ta đổi BA yếu tố là: 
- Thì của động từ 
- Trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn và các từ chỉ định
- Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu:
1. Thay đổi về thì: áp dụng quy tắc lùi thời – drawback tense
Câu trực tiếp (Direct Speech)
Câu gián tiếp (Reported Speech)
Hiện tại đơn 
Simple present ( V(s/es); Vinf; be is, am, are)
Ex: He said: “I work in a bank.” 
Quá khứ đơn 
➜Simple past ( V2/ed, d; be was, were)
➜ He said that he worked in a bank. 
Hiện tại tiếp diễn 
Present continuous (am/is/are + V-ing)
Ex: Henry said: “I am talking to my brother.”
Quá khứ tiếp diễn 
® Past continuous ( was/ were + V-ing )
➜ Henry said that he was talking to his brother. 
Hiện tại hoàn thành 
Present perfect (have/has + V3/ed,d)
 Ex: Samuel said: “I have bought a book.” 
Quá khứ hoàn thành 
➜Past perfect (had + V3/ed,d)
➜ Samuel said that he had bought a book. 
Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn
(Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
He said: “I have been waiting here for almost 2 hours.”
Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
(Past Perfect Continuous Tense)
➜ He said that he had been waiting here for almost 2 hours. 
Quá khứ đơn 
Simple past ( V2/ed, d; be was, were)
 Ex: She said: “I did my homework.” 
Quá khứ hoàn thành 
® Past perfect ( had + V3/ed )
 ➜ She said that she had done her homework. 
Quá khứ tiếp diễn
Past continuous (was/were + V-ing)
Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn / quá khứ tiếp diễn
® Past perfect continuous / past continuous
 (S + had + been + v-ing)
Quá khứ hoàn thành 
Past perfect (had + V3/ed,d)
Quá khứ hoàn thành 
➜Past perfect (had + V3/ed,d)
Tương lai đơn 
Simple future ( will/ shall + Vinf )
 Ex: David said: “I will visit Vietnam.” 
Tương lai trong quá khứ 
® Future in the past ( would/ should + Vinf )
 ➜ David said that he would visit Vietnam. 
Tương lai tiếp diễn 
Future continuous (will + be + V-ing)
He said: “I will be sitting at the coffee shop.” 
Tương lai tiếp diễn trong quá khứ 
® Future continuous in the past (would + be + V-ing)
➜ He said that he would be sitting at the coffee shop. 
Tương lai hoàn thành
Future continuous (will + be + V-ing)
Tương lai hoàn thành trong quá khứ
® Future perfect in the past (would + have + V3/ed,d)
Can/May/Must do
He said: “I must do my homework.”
Could/Might/Had to do
➜ He said that he had to do his homework. 
Is / am / are + going to + Vinf
They said: “We are going to build a new house.” 
Were / was + going to + Vinf
➜ They said that they were going to build a new house. 
2. Thay đổi thời gian, địa điểm, các từ chỉ định
a. Từ chỉ thời gian
Câu trực tiếp
Câu gián tiếp
- now
- an hour ago
- today
- tonight
- yesterday
- tomorrow
- Yesterday morning/ afternoon
- Tomorrow morning
- the day before yesterday
- the day after tomorrow
- last year
- next month
à then, at that time, at once, immediately
à an hour before/an hour earlier
à that day
à that night
à the day before/the previous day
à the next day/the following day
à the previous morning/ afternoon
à the next/following morning
à two days before
à (in) two days’ time
à the year before/the previous year
à the month after/the following month
b. Từ chỉ nơi chốn, địa điểm:
- HERE à THERE: Khi chỉ một địa điểm xác định
 Eg: “Do you put the pen here?” he said à He asked me if I put the pen there
- HEREà cụm từ thích hợp tùy theo nghĩa: 
Eg: She said to me, “You sit here” à She told me to sit next to her. 
 “Come here, John,” he said à He told John to come over him. 
c. Các đại từ chỉ định:
- THIS/ THESE + từ chỉ thời gian à THAT/THOSE
Eg: “They’re coming this evening,” he said. à He said (that) they were coming that evening
- THIS/THESE + danh từ à THE
Eg: “Is this book yours?” said Mary à Mary asked me if the book was mine
- THIS/THESE: chỉ thị đại từ à IT/ THEM
Eg: He said, “I like this” à He said (that) he liked it
 Ann said to Tom, “Please take these into my room” à Ann asked Tom to take them into her room
3. Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu:
Đại từ nhân xưng
Trực tiếp
Gián tiếp
I
He, she
we
they
You
They/ he/ she/ I
b. Tân ngữ
Trực tiếp
Gián tiếp
Me
Him/ her
us
Them
you
Them/ him/ her
c. Tính từ sở hữu
Trực tiếp
Gián tiếp
my
His/ her
our
Their
your
Their/ his/her/ my
d. Đại từ sở hữu
Trực tiếp
Gián tiếp
mine
Him/ hers
ours
Theirs
yours
Theirs/ his/ hers
II. Có 3 loại câu tường thuật cơ bản:
1. Reported statements (tường thuật dạng câu kể)
S + say(s)/ said + (that) + S + V
Eg: He said to me”I haven’t finished my work”
à He told me he hadn’t finished his work.
2. Reported questions (Tường thuật dạng câu hỏi).
a. Yes/ No questions:
S + asked/ wanted to know/ wondered + if/ weather + S + V
E.g: ”Are you angry?” he asked à He asked if/ whether I was angry.
(Chuyển câu hỏi ở câu trực tiếp sang dạng khẳng định rồi thực hiện thay đổi thì, trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn, chủ ngữ, tân ngữ...)
b.Wh - questions:
S + asked (+O)/ wanted to know/ wondered + Wh– words + S + V.
Eg. ”What are you talking about?”said the teacher.
 à The teacher asked us what we were talking about.
3. Reported commands (Tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh)
a. S+ V+ (not) + to infinitive
- (promise, (dis)agree, refuse, threaten, hope, expect, want, ask, wish,
 need, dare, offer, plan, fail, swear, try, pretend, manage, intend, choose, fear, demand, seem, tend )
b. S + V + O + (not) + to infinitive 
 - (ask, tell, order, beg, allow, remind, encourage, advise, invite, warn,
wish, want, command, force, suspect, forbid, need, permit,urge, recommend )
c. S + V +(prep) + Ving 
- (suggest, deny, detest, delay, postpone, fancy, imagine, keep, risk, avoid, appreciate, admit, miss, practise, dislike, enjoy, save, hate, love, mind, mention, prefer, object to, look forward to, apologize for, feel like, insist on, think of, dream of, worry about, confess to, approve of )
d. S + V + O + prep + Ving 
(warn against, blame for, thank for, accuse of, congratulate on, discourage from, forgive for, prevent from, stop from, suspect of ) 
Eg.”Don’t talk in class!” the teacher said to us.
 --> The teacher told us not to talk in class.
III. Note
Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại đơn, ta chỉ đổi đại từ trong lời trích dẫn
 Ex: The farmer says, “I hope it will rain tomorrow.”
 The farmer says that he hopes it will rain tomorrow.
 She says, “I’m tired now.”
 She says that she is tired now.
2. Một số trường hợp không đổi thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp:
- Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề giới thiệu được dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc tương lai đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi
 Eg: He says/ he is saying/ he has said/ he will say, “the text is difficult”.
 ® He says/ is saying/ has said/ will say (that) the text is difficult.
- Khi câu nói trực tiếp thể hiện một chân lý hoặc một hành động lặp lại thường xuyên, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi
 Eg: My teacher said “The sun rises in the East”
 ® My teacher said (that) the sun rises in the East.
 He said, ‘My father always drinks coffee after dinner’
 ® He said (that) his father always drinks coffee after dinner
- Nếu lúc tường thuật, điểm thời gian được đưa ra trong lời nói gián tiếp vẫn chưa qua, thì của động từ và trạng từ thời gian vẫn được giữ nguyên
 Eg: He said, “ I will come to your house tomorrow”
® He said (that) he will come to my house tomorrow.
- Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3:
Eg: He said; “If I knew her address, I would write to her”
® He said that he would write to her If he knew her address 
 Eg: She said, “If I had enough money, I would buy a new bicycle.”
® She said (that) if she had enough money, she would buy a new bicycle.
 Eg: The teacher said, “If John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.”
® The teacher said (that) if John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.
 Tuy nhiên nếu lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều hiện loại 1 thì được chuyển sang loại 2 ở lời nói gián tiếp
 Eg: The advertisement said; “If you answer the questions correctly, you may win one million dollar” ® The advertisement said that I might win one million dollar If I answered the questions correctly. 
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “wish’
 Eg: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money”
 ® He wishes (that) he had a lot of money 
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “It’s (high/ about) time”
 Eg: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed; children”
 ® She told her children that It’s about time they went to bed 
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề đi sau ‘would rather, would sooner”
 Eg: She said; “I would rather you stayed at home”
 ® She said that she would rather I stayed at hone
- Không thay đổi thì của:
 Could, would, might, should 
Ought, had better, need 	trong câu nói gián tiếp 
Nhưng must -> had to/ must	
Eg: She said; “I could do the homework 
® She said the she could do the homework 
- Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định:
 Eg: He said, “I was born in 1980”
 ® he said that he was born in 1980.
- Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian trong câu phức có thì quá khứ đơn và quá khứ tiếp diễn
Eg: “I saw him when he was going to the cinema”
 She said she saw him when she was going to the cinema
B. Exercises:
Exercise 1: Rewrite following sentences so that the meaning stay the same.
1. “If I were you, I wouldn’t buy this car”.
à He advised..................................................................................................................
2. “Shall I carry your suicase, Lan?” said Nam.
à Nam offered..............................................................................................................
3. “ Yes, all right. I’ll share the food with you, Dave”.
à Ann agreed...................................................................................................................
4. “ Sue, can you remember to buy some bread? ”.
à Paul reminded...............................................................................................................
5. “ Don’t touch anything in this room”, the man said to the children.
à The man ordered...........................................................................................................
6.” I must go home to make the dinner”, said Mary.
à Mary..............................................................................................................................
7. “ Are you going to Ho Chi Minh City next week?” Tom asked me.
à Tom asked...................................................................................................................
8. “ Have you finished your homework?” Mom asked.
à Mom asked if.............................................................................................................
9.She said to me “ I can’t do it by myself”.
à She told me that..........................................................................................................
10.”Does your brother live in London,Nam?” Lan asked.
àLan wanted to know if........................................................................................................
11.”Don’t repeat this mistake again.”his father warned him.
àHis father warned him.......................................................................................................
12.”Give me a smile,”The photographer said to me.
àThe.....................................................................................................................................
13.”Don’t leave these book on the table” ,the librarian said to the students àThe librarian told the students.................................................................................................
14.”Have you travelled abroad much?”he asked me.
àHe......................................................................................................................................
15.”Who has written this note?” the boss asked the secretary.
àThe boss asked..................................................................................................................
16.”I have just received a postcard from my sister,”my friend said to me.
àMy friend told me.............................................................................................................
17.”This story happened long ago”he said.
àHe said...............................................................................................................................
Exercise 2
1 "Don't repeat this mistake again!" the instructor warned the sports¬man.
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2 "Leave your address with the secretary," the assistant said to me.
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3 "Phone to me for an answer tomorrow” the manager said to the client.
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4 "Don't be so silly," the father said to the kid.
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5 "Give a smile," the photographer said to me. 
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6 "Please, help me to make a decision," Ann asked her friend.
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7 "Don't leave these books on the table, put them back on the shelf," the librarian said to the student.
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8 "Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes," the nurse said to the child.
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9 "Leave your things here," my companion advised me.
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10 "Don't discuss this question now," said the chairman to the participants.
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Exercise 3
1 "Will it be safe to stay in the mountains for the night if the weather doesn't change for the better?" we asked the guide.
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2 The porter said to me, "I'll wake you up, when the train arrives in Leeds."
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3 My wife said to me: "While you are away, I'll do the packing."
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4 "Don't leave until I phone you," he asked me.
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5 "After he leaves hospital, they'll take him to the South," the doctor said.
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6 "They'll wait for the fisherman to return until it gets dark", the local man explained to me.
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7 As soon as I hear from him, I'll let you know," my neighbour said to me.
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8 I’ll live in town till my husband returns from the expedition and when he returns, we'll go to the seaside together," she said. 
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9 The mother said to her son, ."Sit still, please." 
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10 John said to his friend, "Come and spend a week with us."
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Exercise 4
1 "Have you travelled abroad much?" he asked me.
.....................................................................................................................................
2 "Who has written this note?" the boss asked the secretary.
.......................................................................................................................................
3 "I've just received a postcard from my sister," my friend said to me.
...........................................................................................................................................
4 "The students also took part in arranging the conference," the chair¬man said.
............................................................................................................................................
5 "Have you been here long?" the stranger asked me.
.............................................................................................................................................
6 "Did you really see this happen with your own eyes?" the policeman asked the boy.
...........................................................................................................................................
7 "I hope they will have taken a decision by the end of the meeting," she remarked.
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8 "Did you watch the detective film on TV yesterday?" he asked her.
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9 "This story happened long ago," he said, "and few people remember anything about it."
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10 "I haven't read so interesting a book since I don't remember when," she said.
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Exercise 5
1 Tom said to the girl: "When did you have this picture taken?"
........................................................................................................................................
2 "Shall we go somewhere for a cup of coffee after class?" Tom said.
........................................................................................................................................
3 John said to Mary, "Why don't you wear your hair a little longer."
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4 "Would you like another cup of tea?" the landlady said to the guest.
........................................................................................................................................
5 My sister said to me, "What about going to see Aunt Mary on Sunday?"
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6 She asked me, "Have you ever seen a flying saucer?"
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7 James said: "Do you want me to type this letter for you?"
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8 Alfred said to John, "I didn't use your cassette player! Someone else did, not me."
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9 Father said, "I was the superintendent while this school was being built."
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10 The woman said, "If I had a gas stove, it would save me a lot of time."
Exercise 6
1 Jane said to Bill, “When do you expect to finish your assignment?"
........................................................................................................................................
2 The man said to the boy: "Can you show me the way to the bank?"
........................................................................................................................................
3 Fred asked the postman: "Are there any letters for me today?"
........................................................................................................................................
4 Henry said to the librarian, "How many books can I borrow at a time?"
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5 John asked his friend, "How did you manage to know my phone number?"
........................................................................................................................................
6 “These old buildings might have already disappeared by the time I am back next year?" he said
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7 The boys said to the old woman: "What can we do to help you?"
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8 The guests said to the doorman: "Where should we leave our coats?"
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9 Tom asked his brother: "Why did you advise them to go sight-seeing on foot?"
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10 I asked the children: "Who took away the magazines from my desk?"
Exercise 7
1 Rose said, "I was just leaving the office when I came face to face with a stranger."
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2 Ann asked her brother, "Do you expect to be admitted to the univer¬sity?"
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3 Richard asked Jane, "What are you planning to do tomorrow?"
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4 She asked her boy friend "Is it true that your father fought in the last war?"
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5 Jane said to me, "Where have you been all this time?"
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6 Mary said to her husband, "Did you see my handbag anywhere?"
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7 The inspector said to the woman, "What were you doing at 7 o'clock yesterday evening?"
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8 The passenger said to the taxi-driver: "Hurry up!" and he added "I must be at the station on time."
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9 Tom said to himself: "Why I haven't thought of this before?" 
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10 Father said: "The taxi is coming now. Is everyone ready?"
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Exercise 8
1 Helen said, "I think I'll have to find a better job. I can't make both ends meet."
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2 He said to her "Why are you so late? I've been waiting for half an hour already."
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3 She said to him: "Don't let them down. I'll be very embarrassed if you go back on your words."
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4 She said to her husband: "You'd better not drink top much. You may lose control of the car and have a bad accident."
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5 The boy said to his mother: "When shall we have lunch? I'm very hungry."
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6 He said, "I don't understand why she has refused to join us on the trip."
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7 She said to him, "I'm glad you've come. Sit down, please."
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8 Mr Brown said to his wife, "I don't feel like going out this evening.”
Let's ask the Browns to come over for a chat."
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9 “It's raining too hard to go out. We'd better stay home tonight and watch TV instead." John said.
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10 "Could you ring up the station and find out when the train comes in?" said Tom to me.
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Exercise 9
1 "Be careful. Don't go too near the edge of the cliff," she said to the boys.
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2 "Please, please come to help me with the assignment," my friend said to me.
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3 "I wouldn't buy that sort of raincoat if I were you," my friend said to me.
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4 "Would you mind moving your bicycle?" said the janitor. "It's in the way."
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5 "Could I take out another book, please," I said to the librarian.
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6 "Remember to leave the window open when you're using the gas stove," my mother said to me.
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7 "Wear your school badge or they won't let you into the classroom." my teacher said to me.
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8 "Would you like to come over to my house for a slide show?" my friend said to me.
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9 "Show me your driver's licence, will you?" the policeman said to the drunken driver.
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10 "Do come again next weekend," the host said to the visitor.
KEY: 1.He advised me not to buy that car. 2.Nam offered to carr