Listen and Read 57 - Science & Technology
Funnel-web spiders have a fearsome reputation. People bitten by these Australian
arachnids spiders suffer extreme pain, breathing problems, confusion, convulsions and
dangerously high blood pressure. Left untreated, the venom can kill within hours. For
years, researchers assumed this lethal effect was an evolutionary accident. The venom,
they presumed, evolved to help the spiders kill their prey— normally insects. Killing
mammals was either just collateral damage or a form of protection against possible
predators.
Except that the venom does not, in general, kill mammals. Dogs, cats, mice, rabbits
and guinea pigs all shake it off. It is only human beings and other primates that
succumb. And there is another odd thing about it. Funnel-web-spider venomm has
thousands of components, but deltahexatoxins, the specific molecules within it that kill
people, are produced in particularly large quantities by sexually mature males during the
breeding season—a timewhen they are barely feeding at all.
Putting these various facts together has led Bryan Fry of the University of Queensland
to suggest, in a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, that the role of delta-hexatoxins in funnel-web venom is not t
Thẩm Tâm Vy, Sept,. 30th, 2020 LISTEN AND READ 57. LISTEN AND READ 57 Science & technology Evolution Accidental killer A strange tale of spider venom Funnel-web spiders have a fearsome reputation. People bitten by these Australian arachnids spiders suffer extreme pain, breathing problems, confusion, convulsions and dangerously high blood pressure. Left untreated, the venom can kill within hours. For years, researchers assumed this lethal effect was an evolutionary accident. The venom, they presumed, evolved to help the spiders kill their prey— normally insects. Killing mammals was either just collateral damage or a form of protection against possible predators. Except that the venom does not, in general, kill mammals. Dogs, cats, mice, rabbits and guinea pigs all shake it off. It is only human beings and other primates that succumb. And there is another odd thing about it. Funnel-web-spider venomm has thousands of components, but deltahexatoxins, the specific molecules within it that kill people, are produced in particularly large quantities by sexually mature males during the breeding season—a timewhen they are barely feeding at all. Putting these various facts together has led Bryan Fry of the University of Queensland to suggest, in a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, that the role of delta-hexatoxins in funnel-web venom is not to kill prey but rather as a sophisticated form of defence—and that, paradoxically, its deadliness to humans is because neither they nor their primate ancestors were, until recently, a threat to the spiders. Prey animals routinely attacked by venomous predators are under powerful pressure from natural selection. Any mutation which confers resistance to the venom will spread. This puts evolutionary pressure back onto the predator, encouraging the emergence of more potent venoms, which encourages further resistance and provokes further potency. And so on. Toxins directed against prey thus evolve rapidly. That, though, is not true for defensive venoms. Taking a single type of spider off its menu diminishes a predator’s potential to survive and reproduce only slightly. From this predator’s point of view the requirement to evolve resistance to a venom, particularly one that is not lethal, is therefore low. The spider’s interests, too, may be served by the evolution of non-lethal venom. A live predator that has learnt not to attack may be better than a dead one, which might then be replaced by a conspecific which has not learned that lesson. This is particularly true when the venom is directed towards animals that teach their young, as many mammals do, about what is and is not dangerous in the world. Get stung by a bee and you will surely advise your children to give bees a wide berth, even though bees are not predators. To pursue this idea, Dr Fry and his colleagues looked at the genetic sequences describing 22 types of delta-hexatoxin, extracted from ten species of funnel-webs. This let them analyse the peptides’ evolutionary histories. Funnel-web spiders are an ancient group, believed to have emerged about 150m years ago, near the end of the Jurassic period. Dr Fry’s analysis suggested that, around that time, delta-hexatoxin peptides were evolving rapidly, but have subsequently barely changed. This is consistent with the idea that they were evolving into something which would discourage, but not kill, vertebrate predators such as mammals—a group that also appeared in the late Jurassic. Which is all well and good, but does not explain why funnel-web delta-hexatoxins are so deadly to people. The answer to this, Dr Fry suspects, is that until the arrival in Australia 65,000 years ago of human beings, funnel-web spiders had never encountered primates (of which that continent has no wild representatives) and so had had no chance to coevolve with them. In one sense, then, the fact funnel-web delta-hexatoxins are lethal to humans is indeed an unlucky accident caused by some quirk of primate biochemistry not shared with other groups of mammals. But if such co-evolution had taken place, it would have been in the interests of both sides for this lethality, too, to have been whittled away. [From The Economist US, September 26th, 2020] This dinosaur, a newly described species called Changmiania liaoningensis, was extracted from 123m- year-old rocks in Liaoning province, China. It has a snout shaped like a shovel and a short, robust neck and forearms, and was almost certainly a burrowing animal, like a modern rabbit—though, at 1.2 metres in length, it was somewhat larger. The rocks in question came from a volcanic eruption that entombed local animals by the million. This specimen was reported this week in PeerJ, by Yang Yuqing of Northeastern University, in Shenyang, and his colleagues, together with a second, similarly well preserved. Since the original finds were made by farmers, and their precise locations are unknown, it is impossible to tell whether the animals were buried in their burrows. But their excellent state of preservation makes that likely. Notes: - arachnid: loài tri thù (nhện) loài không có xương sống - delta-hexatoxin: độc tố delta - mutation: sự đột biến - conspecific: cùng loài - potent: có công hiệu - to give...a wide berth = keep away from: tránh xa - peptide: sự kết hợp acid amin tạo thành chuỗi - vertebrate: có xương sống - to whittle away: gọt, đẽo Thẩm Tâm Vy, Sept,. 30th, 2020 LISTEN AND READ 57. Loài nhện phát triển nọc độc để tự vệ trong mùa giao phối Nhện mạng phễu, một trong những loài nhện độc nhất thế giới, có nọc độc tiến hóa để giúp chúng vượt qua hành trình tìm kiếm bạn tình đầy nguy hiểm. Giới nghiên cứu cho biết nhện mạng phễu Australia đực độc hơn nhện cái. Trong nghiên cứu công bố hôm 21/9 trên tạp chí PNAS, nhóm nghiên cứu đứng đầu là tiến sĩ Bryan Fry ở Đại học Queensland kiểm tra nọc độc của 10 loài nhện mạng phễu khác nhau để hiểu rõ hơn tại sao vết cắn của nhện đực lại nguy hiểm chết người. Nọc độc của nhện mạng phễu Australia chứa delta-hexatoxins, khiến nó trở nên nguy hiểm với con người và linh trưởng. Chất độc tấn công hệ thần kinh, ngăn chặn xung điện truyền tới cơ bắp, gây tê liệt toàn bộ hệ thần kinh. Triệu chứng nhiễm độc bao gồm co giật cơ, khó thở, tim đập nhanh, tăng huyết áp. "Delta-hexatoxin gây ảnh hưởng chí mạng tới con người bằng cách làm dây thần kinh hoạt động liên tục không ngừng nghỉ. Các nhà khoa học vẫn băn khoăn tại sao chất độc này lại nguy hiểm với con người, khi mà chúng ta và những loài linh trưởng khác không phải con mồi hoặc động vật săn mồi trong quá trình tiến hóa của nhện. Chúng ta cũng chưa hiểu tại sao phần lớn ca tử vong ở người do nhện mạng phễu đực gây ra", Fry nói. Thông qua phân tích di truyền, nhóm nghiên cứu có thể xác định hướng tiến hóa dẫn tới nọc độc đe dọa các loài linh trưởng. Họ nhận thấy nọc độc của nhện mạng phễu được phát triển để tự vệ. Trong mùa giao phối vào những tháng hè, nhện mạng phễu đực rời khỏi tổ nhằm tìm kiếm bạn tình. Đây là hành động mạo hiểm với con đực. Chúng lang thang qua quãng đường lớn trong nỗ lực tìm gặp nhện cái và bắt đầu chạm trán nhiều động vật săn mồi có xương sống như dunnart - loài thú có túi nhỏ giống chuột hoạt động về đêm. Phát hiện chỉ ra nọc độc của nhện mạng phễu ban đầu tiến hóa để nhằm vào côn trùng, bao gồm ruồi và gián. Tuy nhiên, về sau quá trình chọn lọc tự nhiên làm nọc độc biến đổi để nhằm vào động vật có xương sống.
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