Lý thuyết và bài tập về Mệnh đề quan hệ

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Mệnh đề quan hệ 
Mệnh đề quan hệ được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước. MĐQH bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, 
which, whose, that hoặc các trạng từ quan hệ: when, where, why. 
• The man who lives next door is very friendly. 
1. Đại từ quan hệ 
• Who: được dùng làm chủ ngữ hoặc túc từ thay cho danh từ chỉ người. 
o The man who is standing over there is Mr. Pike. 
o The girl who you saw at the concert is John’s sister. 
• Whom: được dùng làm túc từ thay cho danh từ chỉ người (trang trọng hơn who) 
o The boy who / whom we are looking for is Tom. 
• Which: được dùng làm chủ ngữ hoặc túc từ thay cho danh từ chỉ đồ vật, con vật hoặc sự việc. 
o The cat which I recently bought is a tri-colored cat. 
o The car which won the race looked very futuristic. 
• That: được dùng để thay cho cả danh từ chỉ người và danh từ chỉ vật. That có thể thay cho who, whom, which 
trong MĐQH xác định. 
o The architect who / that designed this building is very famous. 
o That is the bicycle which / that belongs to Tom. 
o My father is the person who(m) / that I admire most. 
o The movie which / that we saw last night wasn’t very good. 
• Whose: được dùng để chỉ sự sở hữu cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật đứng trước. Whose + N có thể làm chủ 
ngữ hoặc túc từ trong MĐQH. Ta cũng có thể dùng of which thay cho whose (kém trang trọng hơn). 
o Round the corner was a building whose windows were all broken. = a building the windows of 
which were all broken 
o It was a meeting whose purpose I did not understand. 
Luyện tập 1 
1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital. 
→ The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital. 
2. A waiter served us. He was impolite and impatient. 
→ The waiter _______________________________________________________________________________ 
3. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt. 
→ The building _____________________________________________________________________________ 
4. Some people were arrested. They have now been released. 
→ The people _______________________________________________________________________________ 
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5. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour. 
→ The bus _________________________________________________________________________________ 
6. John found a cat. The cat’s leg was broken. 
→ John ____________________________________________________________________________________ 
7. I met a friend. I hadn’t seen him for years. 
→ I met a friend _____________________________________________________________________________ . 
8. I went to see a lawyer. A friend of mine recommended her. 
→ I went to see a lawyer ______________________________________________________________________ . 
9. I spoke to somebody, but he wasn’t very helpful. 
→ The person _______________________________________________________________________________ . 
10. Tom was in love with a woman, but she wasn’t in love with Tom. 
→ The woman ______________________________________________________________________________ . 
Luyện tập 2 
1. Helen works for a company _________________________ makes furniture. 
2. The movie is about a girl _________________________ runs away from home 
3. What happened to the pictures _________________________ were hanging on the wall? 
4. A mystery is something _________________________ cannot be explained. 
5. I’ve heard it’s a good hotel, but I don’t know anyone _________________________ has stayed there. 
6. History is the study of things _________________________ happened in the past. 
7. The boy _________________________ bicycle you borrowed yesterday is Tom. 
8. Albert Einstein was the scientist _________________________ developed the theory of relativity. 
9. It seems that Earth is the only planet _________________________ can support life. 
10. He’s the man _________________________ talked to me last night. 
11. I bought a book _________________________ is on music. 
12. The man _________________________ I saw last night was a doctor. 
13. That’s the car _________________________ door is broken. 
14. This is the CD _________________________ I bought yesterday. 
15. She’s the girl _________________________ car is over there. 
❖ Trong MĐQH xác định, các đại từ quan hệ được dùng làm túc từ (who, whom, which, that) thường được lược bỏ. 
o The boy (who(m) / that)we are looking for is Tom. 
o The cat (which / that) I recently bought is a tri-colored cat. 
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Luyện tập 3 
1. Did you find (looking / for / you / the books / were)? 
→ Did you find the books you were looking for? 
2. We couldn’t go to (we / invited / to / were / the wedding). 
→ We couldn’t go to _________________________________________________________________________ . 
3. What’s the name of (the hotel / about / me / told / you)? 
→ What’s the name of ________________________________________________________________________ ? 
4. Unfortunately I didn’t get (applied / I / the job / for). 
→ Unfortunately I didn’t get ___________________________________________________________________ . 
5. Did you enjoy (you / the concert / to / went)? 
→ Did you enjoy ____________________________________________________________________________ ? 
6. Gary is a good person to know. He’s (on / rely / can / somebody / you). 
→ Gary is a good person to know. He’s __________________________________________________________ . 
7. Who were (the people / with / were / you) in the restaurant yesterday? 
→ Who were _________________________________________________________ in the restaurant yesterday? 
2. Giới từ trong MĐQH 
• Khi đại từ quan hệ được dùng làm túc từ của giới từ thì giới từ có thể đi theo trước đại từ quan hệ (whom, which) 
trong tình huống trang trọng hoặc ở lại sau động từ. 
o The man to whom my mother is talking is my form teacher. 
o The restaurant to which we normally go is closed today. 
o That’s the man who(m) / that I was talking about. 
o The picture that / which she was looking at was famous. 
❖ Trong tình huống lược bỏ, giới từ luôn đứng sau động từ. 
o That’s the man I was talking about. 
o The picture she was looking at was famous. 
o Was that the restaurant you normally go to? 
❖ Ta không được đưa giới từ trong cụm động từ (phrasal verbs) lên trước ĐTQH. 
o Did you find the word which / that you were looking up? 
o The child who(m) / that I have looked after for a year is very naughty. 
❖ Giới từ without luôn được đem lên trước ĐTQH. 
o The woman without whom I can’t live is Jane. 
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❖ Trong MĐQH không xác định, các cụm từ chỉ số lượng all of / most of / neither of / many of / some of / none of 
/ half of / each of / either of / neither of / both of / few of / có thể dùng với whom, which, whose. 
o Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married. 
o Tom tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him. 
o Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. 
o She had a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes were missing. 
3. Trạng từ quan hệ 
• Where (= in / at which): được dùng thay cho danh từ chỉ nơi chốn. 
o This is the place where [= at which] the accident happened. 
• When (= on / at / in which): được dùng thay cho danh từ chỉ thời gian. 
o I’ll never forget the day [= on which] when I met her. 
o That was the time [= at which] when he managed the company. 
o Spring is the season [= in which] when flowers of all kinds are in full bloom. 
• Why (= for which): được dùng chỉ lý do, thay cho the reason. 
o The reason why I didn’t phone you was that I didn’t know your phone number. 
❖ Không được sử dụng giới từ trong MĐQH bắt đầu bằng when, where và why. 
❖ Trong MĐQH xác định, when và why có thể được lược bỏ, hoặc thay bằng that. 
o I’ll never forget the day (when / that) I met her. 
o The reason (why / that) I didn’t phone you was that I didn’t have your phone number. 
❖ Where có thể được bỏ hoặc thay bằng that khi where đứng sau các từ: somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, 
nowhere, và place. 
o Have you got somewhere (where / that) I can lie down for an hour? 
Luyện tập 1 
1. We helped some people __________________________________ car had broken down. 
2. A cemetery is a place __________________________________ people are buried. 
3. A pacifist is a person __________________________________ believes that all wars are wrong. 
4. An orphan is a child __________________________________ parents are dead. 
5. What’s the name of the hotel __________________________________ your parents are staying? 
6. This school is only for children __________________________________ first language is not English. 
7. The person from __________________________________ I bought my car is a friend of my father’s. 
8. I live in a friendly village __________________________________ everybody knows everybody else. 
9. I can’t meet you on Friday. That’s the day __________________________________ I’m going away. 
10. The reason __________________________________ I left my job was that the salary was too low. 
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11. I’ll never forget the time __________________________________ I got stuck in a lift. 
12. 2009 was the year __________________________________ Amanda got married. 
13. The reason __________________________________ they don’t have a car is that neither of them can drive. 
14. The last time __________________________________ I saw Sam was about six months ago. 
15. Do you remember the day __________________________________ we first met? 
4. MĐQH xác định và không xác định 
• MĐQH xác định là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, thiếu nó thì câu không rõ nghĩa. 
o The man who / that robbed you has been arrested. 
o The woman who(m) / that you met yesterday works in advertising. 
o The river which / that flows through Hereford is Wye. 
o The book which / that you lent me was very interesting. 
o Which is the European country whose economy is growing fastest? 
o Do you remember the day when / that we met each other? 
❖ Trong MĐQH xác định, ta có thể lược bỏ các ĐTQH làm túc từ (who, whom, which, that), why và when. 
o The woman you met yesterday works in advertising. 
o The book you lent me was very interesting. 
o Do you remember the day we met each other? 
• MĐQH không xác định là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin. Nó không nhất thiết phải có trong câu, bỏ nó câu 
vẫn đủ nghĩa. Nó thường được phân cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy. 
o That man, who lives in the next flat, looks very lonely. 
o Sarah, who(m) you met last night, is my colleague at the university. 
o The book “Jane Eyre”, which I was reading, is really good. 
o This is George, whose sister is my best friend. 
o We went to the Riverside Restaurant, where I once had lunch with Henry. 
❖ Không được dùng that trong MĐQH không xác định 
o Ms Smith, who(m) you met at our house, is going to marry next week. [ Ms Smith, that you ] 
❖ Không được lược bỏ các ĐTQH trong MĐQH không xác định. 
o Peter, who(m) everybody suspected, turned out to be innocent. 
❖ Which có thể được dùng bổ nghĩa cho cả câu. 
o It rained all night, which was good for the garden. 
o Max isn’t home yet, which worries me. 
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Luyện tập 1 
1. Catherine is very friendly. (She lives next door to us.) 
→ Catherine, who lives next door to us, is very friendly. 
2. We stayed at the Park Hotel. (A friend of ours recommended this hotel.) 
→ We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended. 
3. We drove to the airport. (The airport was not far from the city.) 
→ We drove to the airport, ____________________________________________________________________ 
4. Kate’s husband is an airline pilot. (I have never met Kate’s husband.) 
5. Kate’s ________________________________________________________________________________ pilot. 
6. Lisa is away from home a lot. (Lisa’s job involves a lot of travelling.) 
→ Lisa ____________________________________________________________________________________ 
7. Paul and Emily have a daughter, Alice. (Alice has just started school.) 
→ Paul and Emily have _______________________________________________________________________ 
8. The new stadium will hold 90,000 spectators. (The stadium will be finished next month.) 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
9. My brother lives in Alaska. (Alaska is the largest state in the US.) 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
10. Our teacher was very kind. (I have forgotten her name.) 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
11. We enjoyed our visit to the museum. (We saw a lot of interesting things in the museum.) 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Luyện tập 2 
1. My brother is an architect. (He lives in Hong Kong.) 
→ My brother, who lives in Hong Kong, is an architect. 
2. The strike at the factory has now ended. (The strike began ten days ago.) 
→ The strike at the factory ____________________________________________________________________ 
3. I was looking for a book this morning. (I’ve found it now.) 
→ I’ve found ________________________________________________________________________________ 
4. I’ve had my car for 15 years. (This car has never broken down.) 
→ My car __________________________________________________________________________________ 
5. A lot of people applied for the job. (Few of them had the necessary qualifications.) 
→ Few of __________________________________________________________________________________ 
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6. Amy showed me a picture of her son. (Her son is a police officer.) 
→ Amy showed me __________________________________________________________________________ 
Luyện tập 3: Chọn giới từ thích hợp trong danh sách (after, for, in, of, of, to, with) + whom / which 
1. Fortunately we had a good map, without which we would have got lost. 
2. The accident, two people were injured, ____________________________________ happened late last night. 
3. I share an office with my boss, ____________________________________ I get on really well. 
4. The wedding, only family members were invited, _________________________________ was a lovely occasion. 
5. Ben showed me his new car, ____________________________________ he’s very proud. 
6. Sarah showed us a picture of her son, ____________________________________ she’s very proud. 
7. Laura bought a very nice leather bag, ____________________________________ she paid twenty pounds. 
8. We had lunch, ____________________________________ we went for a long walk. 
Luyện tập 4: Sử dụng all of / most of / (câu 1 – 8) và the of which (câu 9 – 11) 
1. All of Helen’s brothers are married. 
→ Helen has three brothers, all of whom are married. 
2. Most of the information we were given was useless. 
→ We were given a lot of information, ___________________________________________________________ 
3. None of the ten people who applied for the job was suitable. 
→ Ten people applied for the job, _______________________________________________________________ 
4. My neighbours have two cars. They never use one of them. 
→ My neighbours have two cars, _______________________________________________________________ 
5. James won a lot of money. He gave half of it to his parents. 
→ James won £100,000, ______________________________________________________________________ 
6. Both of Julia’s sisters are lawyers. 
→ Julia has two sisters, _______________________________________________________________________ 
7. Jane replied to neither of the emails I sent her. 
→ I sent Jane two emails, _____________________________________________________________________ 
8. I went to a party – I knew only a few of the people there. 
→ There were a lot of people at the party, _________________________________________________________ 
9. You stayed in a hotel when you were on holiday but you don’t remember the name. 
→ We stayed at a very nice hotel, the name of which I don’t remember. 
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10. We drove along the road. The sides of the road were lined with trees. 
→ We drove along the road, the ________________________________________________________________ 
11. The aim of the company’s new business plan is to save money. 
→ The company has a new business plan, _________________________________________________________ 
Luyện tập 5: Sử dụng which để bổ nghĩa cho cả câu trước nó 
1. Laura couldn’t come to the party, which was a shame. 
2. The street I live in is noisy at night, ______________________________________________________________ 
3. Kate let me stay at her house, __________________________________________________________________ 
4. Jane doesn’t have a phone, _____________________________________________________________________ 
5. Alex passed his exams, _______________________________________________________________________ 
6. My flight was delayed, ________________________________________________________________________ 
7. Our car has broken down, _____________________________________________________________________ 
8. Amy was twenty minutes late, __________________________________________________________________ 
5. Dạng rút gọn của MĐQH 
• Rút gọn động từ chính trong MĐQH thành hiện tại phân từ (V-ing) khi nó ở dạng chủ động. 
o The woman who spoke to Mai is my sister. → The woman speaking to Mai is my sister. 
• Rút gọn động từ chính trong MĐQH thành quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed) khi nó ở dạng bị động. 
o The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy. → The students punished by the teacher are 
lazy. 
• Rút gọn động từ chính trong MĐQH thành (cụm) nguyên mẫu có to (to V / for O to V) khi muốn diễn tả mục 
đích, sự cho phép (thông thường V trong MĐQH là can, have to, must hoặc mệnh đề chính bắt đầu bằng Here / 
There + be); hoặc sau các từ first, second, , last, next, only, và dạng so sánh nhất. 
o The captain was the last man who left the ship. → The captain was the last man to leave the ship. 
o The guest on our show is the youngest golfer who won the Open. → The guest on our show is the 
youngest golfer to win the Open. 
o The children need a big yard which they can play in. → The childrgn need a big yard to play in. 
o Here is a form that you must fill in. → Here is a form for you to fill in. (S1 khác S2) 
• Rút gọn bằng cụm danh từ. 
o George Washington, who was the first president of the United States, was a general in the army. → 
George Washington, the first president of the United States, was a general in the army. 
This is good news. This was a shame. This makes it hard to contact her. 
She apologised for this. This was very kind of her. This makes it difficult to sleep sometimes. 
This means we can’t go away tomorrow. This meant I had to wait two hours at the airport. 
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o We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern Spain. → We visited Barcelona, a city in northern 
Spain. 
Luyện tập 
1. The boy who is sitting next to me is my best friend. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
2. We have a peg on which we can hang our coat. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
3. Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night? 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
4. The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
5. That man, who is sitting next to Mandy, is my uncle. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
6. There is a good restaurant where we can eat good food. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
7. The books which were written by Nam Cao are interesting. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
8. A lorry which was carrying pipes has overturned. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
9. Here is the form that you must fill in. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
10. The road that joined the two villages was very narrow. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
11. Boys who attended this school had to wear uniform. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
12. We have some picture books that children can read. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
13. Fans who hope to buy tickets have been queuing all night. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
14. Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, took her to the Portrait Gallery. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
15. There are six letters which have to be written today. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
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16. The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to the hospital. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
17. He is the first man that came to class today. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
18. Most of the goods which are made in this factory are exported. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
19. He had something that he had to do. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
20. Some of the people who have been invited to the party can’t come. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
21. English is an important language which we have to master. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
22. Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
23. Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health. 
→ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 
6. Các trường hợp dùng THAT 
• Khi danh từ đứng trước chỉ cả người và vật. 
o He told me about the places and people that he had seen in London 
• Sau các từ first, last, only, very (chính là), và dạng so sánh nhất. 
o This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen. 
o Moscow is the finest city that she’s ever visited. 
o That is the last letter that he wrote. 
o She was the first person that broke the silence. 
o You’re the very man that I would like to see. 
• Sau các đại từ bất định (nothing, everything, ) và sau các từ all, little, much, none được dùng như đại từ. 
o All that he can say is this. 
o He never says anything that is worth listening to. 
Luyện tập 
1. He asked about the factories and workers ______________________________ he had visited. 
2. This is the best novel ______________________________ I have ever read. 
3. It is the only book ______________________________ he bought himself. 
4. He was the most interesting person ______________________________ I have ever met. 
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5. It was the first time ______________________________ I heard of it. 
6. These books are all ______________________________ my sister left me. 
7. She talked about the people and places ______________________________ she had visited. 
8. We can see farmers and cattle ______________________________ are going to the field. . 
9. He just said anything ______________________________ came into his head. 
10. These walls are all ______________________________ remain of the city. 
11. She’s one of the kindest people ______________________________ I know. 
Bài tập 1 
1. The man ______________________________________ paid for the meal was a friend of Tom’s. 
2. The meeting ______________________________________ we had to attend went on for three hours. 
3. My office, ______________________________________ is on the second floor of the building, is very small. 
4. Jane works for a company ______________________________________ makes shoes. 
5. The woman ______________________________________ I was sitting next to talked all the time. 
6. This school is only for children ______________________________________ first language is not English. 
7. Laura had a wooden box, ______________________________________ I she kept her photos in. 
8. I don’t know the name of the woman to ______________________________________ I spoke on the phone. 
9. Towns ______________________________________ attract tourists are usually crowded in the summer. 
10. Somewhere I’ve got a photo of the mountain ______________________________________ we climbed. 
11. The sun, ____________________________ is one of millions of stars in the universe, provides us with heat and light. 
12. I thought I recognized the assistant ______________________________________ served us. 
13. Which is the European country ______________________________________ economy is growing the fastest? 
14. John, ______________________________________ speaks French and Italian, works as a tour guide. 
15. The detective lost sight of the man ______________________________________ he was following. 
16. She told me her address, I wrote down on a piece of paper. 
17. Sarah, ______________________________________ you met yesterday, works in advertising. 
18. I’m afraid the numbers ______________________________________ I chose didn’t win the prize. 
19. Electronics is a subject about ______________________________________ I know very little. 
20. Mark, ______________________________________ car had broken down, was in a very bad mood. 
21. Let me see all the letters ______________________________________ you have written. 
22. Is there any one ______________________________________ can help me do this? 
23. Mr. Brown, ______________________________________ is only 34, is the director of this company. 
24. I know a place ______________________________________ roses grow in abundance. 
25. It was the nurse ______________________________________ told me to come in. 
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26. The teacher with ______________________________________ we studied last year no longer teaches in our school. 
27. They showed me the hospital _________________________________ buildings had been destroyed by US bombings. 
28. We saw many soldiers and tanks ______________________________________ were moving to the front. 
29. Dr. Fleming, ______________________________________ discovered penicillin, was awarded the Nobel Prize for 
medicine in He joined the political party ______________________________________ was in power. 
30. Love, ____________________________________ is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at some time in his life. 
31. Freedom is something for ______________________________________ millions have given their lives. 
32. It is easy to find faults in people ______________________________________ we dislike. 
33. The really happy people are those ______________________________________ enjoy their daily work. 
34. We must find a time ___________________ we can meet and a place ____________________________ we can talk. 
Bài tập 2 
1. Professor Wilson is an excellent lecturer. He teaches Chemistry. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
2. The man is a famous actor. You met him at the party last night. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
3. There are some words. They are very difficult to translate. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
4. The student writes well. I read her composition. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
5. Jim’s sister is a famous architect. You met her yesterday. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
6. I received two job offers. I accepted neither of them. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
7. I was looking for a book this morning. I’ve found it now. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
8. Mrs Smith does volunteer work at the hospital. She is a retired teacher. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
9. I live in a dormitory. Its residents come from rhany countries. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
10. Lake Prespa is a lonely beautiful lake. It’s on the north Greek border. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
11. The little girl ate candy the whole way. She sat next to me on the coach. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
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12. The police blocked off the road. That caused a traffic jam. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
13. Felix Reeve is a journalist. His tape recorder was stolen. 
→ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
14. This famous picture is worth thousands of pounds. It was damaged during the war. 
→ ______________